Masada (Israel): Bathhouse Furnace
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The caldarium (or hot bath) in Roman bathhouses was heated by raising the floor on short pillars (pillae) and circulating hot air heated by a furnace though the hollow spaces. In this bath house the caldarium, or hot room, was heated by a external furnace. This is a view of the external wall of the caldarium and the opening through which the heated steam would be pushed from the furnace into the room.